Constraints and Opportunities for Expressive Information Design


Matthew Brehmer · @mattbrehmer
Presentation at Tableau Research 2019-04-09 · slides: mattbrehmer.github.io/talks/tableau190409

Outline


· My background and methods

· Considerations for expressive information design

· Timeline Storyteller

· Information design choices on mobile devices

· Opportunities for future research

My Background


2016 - 2019: Postdoctoral Researcher specializing in InfoVis + HCI, Microsoft Research

2011 - 2016: PhD Computer Science specializing in Information Visualization, UBC

2009 - 2011: MSc Computer Science specializing in Human-Computer Interaction, UBC

2004 - 2009: Bachelor of Computing specializing in Cognitive Science, Queen's Univ.

Scope of My Visualization Research


Considerations & tools for expressive information design:
· Timeline Storyteller - C+J 19 | DataToon - CHI 19 | Charticulator - TVCG 19 | ChartAccent - PVIS 17 | Timelines Revisited - TVCG 17 | TimeLineCurator - TVCG 16


Visualizing information on mobile devices:
· Ranges Over Time - TVCG 19 | Animation vs. Small Multiples - in review | Novel Interaction For Mobile Visualization - in preparation


Evaluating visualization (tools):
· Data-Driven Stories - DDS 18 | Visualization Authoring Systems - BELIV 18 | Variants of Multi-Series Bar Charts - CHI 18 |
· Overview: A Document Mining Tool for Journalists - TVCG 14 | Pre-Design Empiricism for Visualization - BELIV 14



Visualization task analysis:
· A Typology of Abstract Visualization Tasks - TVCG 13 | Visualizing Dimensionally-Reduced Data - BELIV 14


Visualizing resource consumption:
· Workflows for Energy Portfolio Analysis - TVCG 16

Scope of My Visualization Research


Considerations & tools for expressive information design:
· Timeline Storyteller - C+J 19 | DataToon - CHI 19 | Charticulator - TVCG 19 | ChartAccent - PVIS 17 | Timelines Revisited - TVCG 17 | TimeLineCurator - TVCG 16


Visualizing information on mobile devices:
· Ranges Over Time - TVCG 19 | Animation vs. Small Multiples - in review | Novel Interaction For Mobile Visualization - in preparation


Evaluating visualization (tools):
· Data-Driven Stories - DDS 18 | Visualization Authoring Systems - BELIV 18 | Variants of Multi-Series Bar Charts - CHI 18 |
· Overview: A Document Mining Tool for Journalists - TVCG 14 | Pre-Design Empiricism for Visualization - BELIV 14



Visualization task analysis:
· A Typology of Abstract Visualization Tasks - TVCG 13 | Visualizing Dimensionally-Reduced Data - BELIV 14



Visualizing resource consumption:
· Workflows for Energy Portfolio Analysis - TVCG 16

Scope of My Visualization Research


Considerations & tools for expressive information design:
· Timeline Storyteller - C+J 19 | DataToon - CHI 19 | Charticulator - TVCG 19 | ChartAccent - PVIS 17 | Timelines Revisited - TVCG 17 | TimeLineCurator - TVCG 16


Visualizing information on mobile devices:
· Ranges Over Time - TVCG 19 | Animation vs. Small Multiples - in review | Novel Interaction For Mobile Visualization - in preparation


Evaluating visualization (tools):
· Data-Driven Stories - DDS 18 | Visualization Authoring Systems - BELIV 18 | Variants of Multi-Series Bar Charts - CHI 18 |
· Overview: A Document Mining Tool for Journalists - TVCG 14 | Pre-Design Empiricism for Visualization - BELIV 14



Visualization task analysis:
· A Typology of Abstract Visualization Tasks - TVCG 13 | Visualizing Dimensionally-Reduced Data - BELIV 14


Visualizing resource consumption:
· Workflows for Energy Portfolio Analysis - TVCG 16

Design & Research Methods


Design & Implementation:

· User interface design | Visualization design & development | Toolkit development



Qualitative Research:

· Visualization design studies | Requirements analysis | Retrospective interviews
· Chauffeured demos | Content analysis | Post-deployment usage analysis



Quantitative Research:

· Laboratory experiments | Crowdsourced experiments | Statistical analysis

Enabling Information Design


How can I enable under-served groups of people to...



Expressively visualize their data?

Produce and present compelling data-driven stories?



Applications of visualization beyond those in professional data analysis.

The Value of Connecting Research & Practice


Disseminating visualization research into practice, and vice versa.

Promoting and studying the adoption of deployed information design tools and research prototypes.

Collecting examples of information design produced by practitioners.



Fostering a dialogue between researchers and practitioners (e.g., OpenVisConf, VisInPractice)*.
* OpenVisConf: openvisconf.com | VisInPractice event at IEEE VIS: VisInPractice.github.io .

Expressive Information Design


From the perspective of an information visualization researcher.

Expressive Information Design


· Combining visualization, annotation, and explanation to present information to an audience.

· Thinking systematically about tasks, design choices, and constraints.

· Identifying ways to assess alternative design choices.

Presenting Information to the Public


e.g., Hans Rosling's TED presentations about global economic and public health indicators.
Image: Open Knowledge Foundation Deutschland (flickr, cc by).

Presenting Information to the Individual


Image: newkemall (flickr, cc by).

Aspects of Expressive Information Design


Thinking systematically about tasks, design choices, and constraints.

Thinking Systematically about Tasks


A Multi-Level Typology of Abstract Visualization Tasks. Brehmer and Munzner.
In IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (InfoVis 2013).
Icons by Eamonn Maguire (cc by) for Munzner's Visualization Analysis & Design (CRC Press, 2014).

Thinking Systematically about Tasks


A Multi-Level Typology of Abstract Visualization Tasks. Brehmer and Munzner.
In IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (InfoVis 2013).

The most cited IEEE InfoVis paper since 2013, with more than 300 citations*.

* Google Scholar, Apr 2019.

Icons by Eamonn Maguire (cc by) for Munzner's Visualization Analysis & Design (CRC Press, 2014).

Thinking Systematically about Design Choices


Identifying the dimensions of design spaces that characterize:

... ways to visually represent data.

... ways to animate and interact with these representations.

... ways to highlight and annotate them.

... ways to combine visual content with textual explanation.



In an expressive information design tool, how do you present these choices?

e.g., Low-level visual encoding choices (shape, color, ...) or chart templates (bar, line, ...)

Constraints on Expressivity


Constraints imposed by authors, by the audience, or by the context.



Expertise: empowering non-programmers and non-designers.

Resources: enabling expressive information design for those on a deadline.



Literacy: anticipating the visual and data literacy of the audience.

Device: anticipating the audience's viewing experience.

Outline


· My background and methods

· Considerations for expressive information design

· Timeline Storyteller

· Information design choices on mobile devices

· Opportunities for future research

The Daily Routines of Famous Creative People

Story inspired by infographics by Podio and info we trust.
Data source: Daily Rituals: How Artists Work by Mason Currey (2013)

Expressive Information Design with Timelines


Timeline Storyteller: The Design & Deployment of an Interactive Authoring Tool for
Expressive Timeline Narratives
.
Brehmer, Lee, Henry Riche, Tittsworth, Lytvynets, Edge, and White. In Proc. Comp. + Journalism 2019.


timelinestoryteller.com | github.com/Microsoft/timelinestoryteller

Timelines Revisited


Timelines Revisited: A Design Space and Considerations for Expressive Storytelling.
Brehmer, Lee, Bach, Henry Riche, and Munzner. In IEEE TVCG (presented at InfoVis 2017).



Timelines are visual representations of categorical event sequences.

How have people drawn timelines over the course of history?

The visualization research community has focused on their use in data analysis.

How have practitioners used them for storytelling?

What Happened When?


In what sequence did the events occur?

How long did the events last?

How long between event A and event B?

Did A and B co-occur or repeat?

When did A and B occur relative to event C?

A Timeline Design Space


Timelines Revisited: A Design Space and Considerations for Expressive Storytelling.
Brehmer, Lee, Bach, Henry Riche, and Munzner. In IEEE TVCG (presented at InfoVis 2017).


Representation
Linear Radial Spiral Calendar Curve
Scale
Chronological Relative Logarithmic Sequential Collapsed
Layout
Unified Faceted Segmented

Timelines Revisited: The Research Process


1. Collecting and categorizing 145 timelines and timeline tools to establish the dimensions.
· Sources included: Cartographies of Time (Rosenberg & Grafton), Visualization of Time-Oriented Data (Aigner et al.), Making Timelines (Groeger).

2. Validating the dimensions of the design space with 118 additional timelines (263 total).
· Sources included: visual.ly, the Kantar Information is Beautiful Awards showcase, massvis.mit.edu.

3. Implementing points in the design space with 28 representative datasets.
· e.g., Conflicts, epidemics, lifespans, head of state tenures, news stories, natural disasters, publication records, geological history.
A set of purposeful, interpretable, & generalizable
timeline designs at timelinesrevisited.github.io .

Thinking Systematically About Tasks & Design Choices

Using our Timeline Design Space

Expressive Storytelling with Timelines


Timelines Revisited: A Design Space and Considerations for Expressive Storytelling.
Brehmer, Lee, Bach, Henry Riche, and Munzner. In IEEE TVCG (presented at InfoVis 2017).

timelinesrevisited.github.io



Provide alternative representations for time.

Provide alternative time scales.

Anticipate chronological or non-chronological narratives.

Incrementally reveal visual elements, selectively highlighting and annotating to direct attention.

The Authoring Interface of Timeline Storyteller


Web version imports CSV, JSON, GSheet. Power BI version imports various data formats.
Web version exports PNG, SVG, GIF, JSON spec. Power BI version exports PBIX, iFrame.

Evaluating Timeline Storyteller


A controlled laboratory study to assess expressivity seemed to be inappropriate.

How do people use it with their own data?

How does the content they produce reflect our timeline design space?

Promoting Timeline Storyteller to Practitioners


Demos / talks at the Tapestry Conference, OpenVisConf, and the Dublin Data Summit in 2017.

Demo by Microsoft's Data Journalism Team at the 2017 Future of Storytelling Summit.

Posts on the official Power BI Blog, tutorial + interview for the Power BI YouTube channel.

Demo by a customer during the opening keynote of the 2017 Data Insights Summit:

Timeline Storyteller: Collecting Usage Data


Exported content from the web version in mid 2017.

Entries from a Storytelling Contest with the Power BI user community in late 2017,
coordinated by the Microsoft Data Journalism Team.

Download metrics of the Power BI desktop version:
Over 36,000 downloads of the Power BI version as of January 2019.

Timeline Storyteller: Content Analysis


223 unique items of exported content from the web version (subject to author consent).

The corpus spanned the timeline design space - with a couple of exceptions.

The Linear representation and Chronological time scale were most common.


Linear Radial Spiral Calendar Curve
Chronological Relative Logarithmic Sequential Collapsed
Unified Faceted Segmented

Timeline Storyteller: Content Analysis (cont.)


Example entries from the Power BI user community data storytelling contest: Tropical Cyclones by Manga Solutions. | TV Network Ratings by Pragmatic Works.

Timeline Storyteller: Conclusions & Opportunities


No prior interactive tools for presenting expressive timeline narratives.

The first to incorporate multi-scene stories with multiple visual representation choices.

Incrementally reveal + transform; selectively highlight + annotate; applicable to other data types.



Recommend design choices and annotations based on properties of the dataset.

Outline


· My background and methods

· Considerations for expressive information design

· Timeline Storyteller

· Information design choices on mobile devices

· Opportunities for future research

Information Design Choices on Mobile Phones


Visualizing Ranges over Time on Mobile Phones: A Task-Based Crowdsourced Evaluation.
Brehmer, Lee, Isenberg, and Choe. In IEEE TVCG (InfoVis 2018).


aka.ms/ranges-tvcg
Image: Eric Boam's 7 Months of Sleep.
Image: The New York Times (June 4, 2017).
Images (clockwise from left): The New York Times · Eric Boam · Randy Olson.
Ranges in Weather Apps
Apps: Dark Sky © · Weathertron © · Weather Line ©.
Ranges in Sleep Tracking Apps
Apps: Azumio Sleep Time © · Garmin Connect © · Bedtime (iOS Clock) ©.
Ranges and Radial Representations
Image: Weather Radials (by Timm Kekeritz) ©.
Images: mobileinfovis.com by Sebastian Sadowski, 2018.

A Crowdsourced Experiment on Mobile Phones


The first crowdsourced visualization evaluation study performed exclusively on phones. Image: newkemall (flickr, cc by).

Thinking Systematically About Tasks


Tasks derived from A Multi-Level Typology of Abstract Visualization Tasks.
Brehmer and Munzner. In IEEE TVCG (InfoVis 2013):

· Locate Dates

· Identify Values

· Locate Extreme Values

· Compare Values

· Compare Ranges

Dependent Measures


For each trial:

Trial completion time

Response accuracy


At each level of granularity:

Preference: Linear or Radial

Confidence: Low to High

Participants


Temperature (N = 40), Sleep (N = 47)





84 trials per participant, using their own phone.

Radial or Linear?


Detailed statistics are provided in:
Visualizing Ranges over Time on Mobile Phones: A Task-Based Crowdsourced Evaluation.
Brehmer, Lee, Isenberg, and Choe. In IEEE TVCG (InfoVis 2018). aka.ms/ranges-tvcg .



People are, in general, slower with radial representations.

Accuracy appears to be data- and task-dependent:

e.g., less accurate with radial when identifying and locating values in absence of seasonal variation.


People prefer and are more confident with linear representations.

Week vs. Month vs. Year


Detailed statistics are provided in:
Visualizing Ranges over Time on Mobile Phones: A Task-Based Crowdsourced Evaluation.
Brehmer, Lee, Isenberg, and Choe. In IEEE TVCG (InfoVis 2018). aka.ms/ranges-tvcg .



People are typically slower with a month than with a week of ranges.

For some tasks, people were less accurate with a month than with a year.

e.g., seasonal variation in annual temperature appears to be beneficial for locating extreme values.

Temperature (L) and Sleep (R) don't follow monthly cycles.

Ranges Over Time on Mobile Phones: Conclusions


Is a cycle meaningful in the context of the data?

Does the task involve locating values? Or comparing them?

Is efficiency important?


Locating values quickly? → Choose Linear.

Comparing values (and unconcerned with speed)? → Choose Radial or Linear.

Ranges Over Time on Mobile Phones: Opportunities


More research is needed to assess visualization design choices on mobile phones.



aka.ms/ranges | (mobile only) experimental app.

github.com/Microsoft/RangesOnMobile | open source app and analysis.

medium.com/multiple-views-visualization-research-explained | blog post for practitioners.

Expressive Info. Design for Mobile Devices, Continued


A Comparative Evaluation of Animation and Small Multiples
For Trend Visualization on Mobile Phones
.
Brehmer, Lee, Isenberg, and Choe. In review, Apr. 2019.

aka.ms/multiples | (mobile only) experimental app.

Outline


· My background and methods

· Considerations for expressive information design

· Timeline Storyteller

· Information design choices on mobile devices

· Opportunities for future research

Opportunities for Expressive Information Design


Designing and evaluating inviting and memorable techniques for presenting information.

Widening the scope of data types: e.g., spatiotemporal data, dynamic networks.

Collecting and assessing design choices from the research and practice communities.

Opportunities for Expressive Information Design (cont.)


Measuring audience graphicacy* (visual / data / statistical literacy) and identifying ways to boost it.

Information design for an audience with a limited attention span.
* Uncertainty, graphicacy, and the power of statistics.
Alberto Cairo (Oct 18, 2017), thefunctionalart.com .

Opportunities for Expressive Information Design (cont.)


New input modalities for expressive information design, annotation, and presentation.

e.g., DataToon: Drawing Dynamic Network Comics With Pen + Touch Interaction.
Kim, Henry Riche, Bach, Xu, Brehmer, Hinckley, Pahud, Xia, McGuffin, and Pfister. In Proc. CHI 2019.

Opportunities for Expressive Information Design (cont.)


Mobile-first and mobile-only information design (and addressing the scarcity of research).

Responding to the demand for mobile business intelligence.


Constraints and Opportunities for Expressive Information Design


Matthew Brehmer · @mattbrehmer

mattbrehmer.github.io/talks/tableau1904019 | slides
Presentation at Tableau Research 2019-04-09